kotlin-fork/spec-docs/dynamic-types.md

Dynamic Types

Goal

Interoperability with native JavaScript

Examples

Unbounded dynamic type:

fun jsFun(p: dynamic): dynamic

TODO

• Dynamic functions?
  • what is the default return type?
  • Can we omit return expressions when the return type is dynamic?
  • Can we return Unit when return type is dynamic?
• Dynamic classes/traits?
  • All members are implicitly dynamic
  • All types whose type constructors are marked dynamic are themselves dynamic types

Typing rules

• dynamic is assignable to anything
• everything is assignable to dynamic
• dynamic variable may hold null
• dynamic? is the same as dynamic, a warning should be issued
• lub(T, dynamic) = dynamic
• ??? glb(T, dynamic) = T
• dynamic can't be substituted for reified parameters of function/constructor calls (this means that it's not possible to create an array of dynamic)
• dynamic can't be used as a supertype or upper bound for a type parameter
• dynamic is less specific than any other type

Syntax

type
    : ...
    | "dynamic"
    ;

"dynamic" is a soft keyword:

• if it occurs in a non-type context, it's an identifier
• in a type context, when followed by a dot (except for a dot that separates a receiver type from a function/property name) or an angle bracket <, it's an identifier
• on the left-hand-side of :: in a callable reference: dynamic::foo implies that dynamic there is a normal identifier

Representation

Internally, dynamic is represented as a flexible type Nothing..Any?, with the following capabilities:

• makeNullable has no effect
• (???) makeNotNull changes it to a non-null version: Nothing..Any
• if a receiver of a call is dynamic (or a dynamic implicit receiver is available), and the call can not be resolved statically (no fitting candidates are found, NOTE: this does not include ambiguity), a dynamic candidate descriptor is created for the arity of the call, and the call is resolved to it.
• (???) All methods of JetType are delegated to the upper bounds, instead of lower bound

Implications

Nothing being mentioned, there's a risk of taking dynamic for a bottom type in some contexts, this is not intended and should be tested carefully.

Resolution rules

• If a receiver is dynamic a call is resolved as dynamic if no members match the signature (these are members of Any, unless we implement bounded dynamic)
  • Motivation: otherwise, any extension to any type that simply happens to be in scope and match the name and arguments will be bound for a call with a dynamic receiver, i.e. there's no way to force a call to be dynamic, and in the case of a *-import the code may change its semantics just because somebody added some extension in another file.
  • This means that an extension can not be called on a dynamic receiver. If needed, one can force a call to an extension by casting teh receiver to a static type: (d as Foo).bar()
  • This also means that an extension whose receiver type is dynamic can not be called on a dynamic variable without a cast

Type Argument Inference

When expected type of a call is dynamic, it does not automatically provide type arguments for nested calls. Example:

fun foo(d: dynamic) {...}

foo(listOf()) // can't determine T for listOf<T>()

Discussion:

• we could tweak inference so that it takes dynamic as a bound for all type variables whose containing type has a dynamic bound, but it's hard to be sure it's worth the while

Notes

• dynamic types are not supported on the JVM back-end
• dynamic types are forbidden on the right-hand side of is, !is, as and as? (but not as generic arguments, e.g. x is List<dynamic> is allowed)

Prospect on bounded dynamic types

(not to be implemented now)

A bounded dynamic type dynamic B is represented as (Nothing .. B?).

Calls on such receivers are resolved statically against members of B, and dynamically against non-members of B (including extensions).

NOTE: this is an issue: some users would expect extensions to be bound statically, but we can't allow it, because otherwise a dynamic call with a name clashing with a name of an extension to B is impossible. Options:

• bind extensions to B (i.e. extensions to Any for dynamic) statically, this leads to unexpected changes in semantics when a new extension is added in a *-imported package. Then, to make the dynamic calls possible, provide some sort of an intrinsic extension, e.g. dynamic) that takes a string for a name and a varargs of parameters of type dynamic. Thus, to call a recv.foo(a, b) as a dynamic call, we can always say recv.dynamic("foo", a, b).
• never bind extensions statically on dynamic receivers, allow calling them passing the receiver as the first parameter, so that we can call foo(a) instead of a.foo(). This poses no risk of accidentally changing semantics of some calls from dynamic to static

Assignability rules:

• any subtype of B? can be passed where dynamic B is expected
• dynamic B can be passed where any supertype of B or subtype of B, but not a type unrelated to B is expected

Unbounded dynamic is the same as dynamic Any.