Introduce runtime ClassValue-based cache for typeOf machinery

* Cache KType instances constructor from the given classifier
* For generics, cache KTypes with already substituted arguments
* It significantly speeds up all typeOf-based APIs, both accesses to typeOf and its related properties (i.e. classifier)

#KT-53508

Merge-request: KT-MR-6818
Merged-by: Vsevolod Tolstopyatov <qwwdfsad@gmail.com>

compiler/testData/codegen/box/reflection/typeOf/caching.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// TARGET_BACKEND: JVM_IR
+// WITH_REFLECT
+
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertSame
+import kotlin.reflect.KType
+import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
+
+private inline fun <reified T> check(isNullable: Boolean = false) {
+    val t1 = typeOf<T>()
+    val t2 = typeOf<T>()
+    assertSame(t1.classifier, t2.classifier)
+    assertEquals(isNullable, t1.isMarkedNullable)
+    assertEquals(isNullable, t2.isMarkedNullable)
+}
+
+fun box(): String {
+    check<Int>()
+    check<Int?>(true)
+    check<List<Int>?>(true)
+    check<List<Int>>()
+    check<List<Int?>?>(true)
+    return "OK"
+}