diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/resolve/transformers/TransformUtils.kt b/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/resolve/transformers/TransformUtils.kt
index 583818969e2..e6bcbca3486 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/resolve/transformers/TransformUtils.kt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/resolve/transformers/TransformUtils.kt
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ internal fun FirValueParameter.transformVarargTypeToArrayType() {
         val returnType = returnTypeRef.coneTypeUnsafe<ConeKotlinType>()
         transformReturnTypeRef(
             StoreType,
-            returnTypeRef.withReplacedConeType(returnType.createArrayOf(session))
+            returnTypeRef.withReplacedConeType(ConeKotlinTypeProjectionOut(returnType).createArrayOf(session))
         )
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/types/ArrayUtils.kt b/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/types/ArrayUtils.kt
index a9925249452..0332b4556d6 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/types/ArrayUtils.kt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/types/ArrayUtils.kt
@@ -13,13 +13,16 @@ import org.jetbrains.kotlin.fir.symbols.StandardClassIds
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.fir.symbols.invoke
 
 
-fun ConeKotlinType.createArrayOf(session: FirSession, nullable: Boolean = false): ConeKotlinType {
+fun ConeTypeProjection.createArrayOf(session: FirSession, nullable: Boolean = false): ConeKotlinType {
     val symbolProvider: FirSymbolProvider = session.firSymbolProvider
-    val type = lowerBoundIfFlexible()
-    if (type is ConeClassLikeType) {
-        val primitiveArrayId = StandardClassIds.primitiveArrayTypeByElementType[type.lookupTag.classId]
-        if (primitiveArrayId != null) {
-            return primitiveArrayId.invoke(symbolProvider).constructType(emptyArray(), nullable)
+
+    if (this is ConeKotlinTypeProjection) {
+        val type = type.lowerBoundIfFlexible()
+        if (type is ConeClassLikeType) {
+            val primitiveArrayId = StandardClassIds.primitiveArrayTypeByElementType[type.lookupTag.classId]
+            if (primitiveArrayId != null) {
+                return primitiveArrayId.invoke(symbolProvider).constructType(emptyArray(), nullable)
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/default.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/default.txt
index bdd63e6f7fa..b8e5db76369 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/default.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/default.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ FILE: default.kt
     }
     public final fun bar(first: R|kotlin/Int|, second: R|kotlin/Double| = Double(2.71), third: R|kotlin/Boolean|, fourth: R|kotlin/String| = String()): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
-    public final fun baz(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|, z: R|kotlin/Boolean| = Boolean(false)): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun baz(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|, z: R|kotlin/Boolean| = Boolean(false)): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
     public final fun test(): R|kotlin/Unit| {
         R|/foo|(Int(1))
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.txt
index 693c918a172..0c1f2e2e558 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 FILE: vararg.kt
-    public final fun foo(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun foo(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
-    public final fun bar(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|, z: R|kotlin/Boolean|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun bar(x: R|kotlin/Int|, vararg y: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|, z: R|kotlin/Boolean|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
     public final fun test(): R|kotlin/Unit| {
         R|/foo|(Int(1))
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.kt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f7aae988c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+open class Base
+class Sub : Base()
+
+fun foo(vararg arg: Base) {}
+
+fun bar(base: Array<Base>, sub: Array<Sub>) {
+    foo(*base)
+    foo(*sub)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e11cbb560d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+FILE: varargProjection.kt
+    public open class Base : R|kotlin/Any| {
+        public constructor(): R|Base| {
+            super<R|kotlin/Any|>()
+        }
+
+    }
+    public final class Sub : R|Base| {
+        public constructor(): R|Sub| {
+            super<R|Base|>()
+        }
+
+    }
+    public final fun foo(vararg arg: R|kotlin/Array<out Base>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    }
+    public final fun bar(base: R|kotlin/Array<Base>|, sub: R|kotlin/Array<Sub>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+        R|/foo|(vararg(*R|<local>/base|))
+        R|/foo|(vararg(*R|<local>/sub|))
+    }
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/cfg/postponedLambdas.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/cfg/postponedLambdas.txt
index f23e8c10ef8..7f1ec58a3b1 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/cfg/postponedLambdas.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/cfg/postponedLambdas.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 FILE: postponedLambdas.kt
-    public final inline fun foo(vararg x: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/Any>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final inline fun foo(vararg x: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/Any>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
     public final fun test(a: R|kotlin/Any|, b: R|kotlin/Any|, c: R|kotlin/Any|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
         R|/foo|(vararg(R|<local>/a|, foo@fun <anonymous>(): R|kotlin/String| <kind=UNKNOWN>  {
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/enumEntryUse.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/enumEntryUse.txt
index 65a7451968c..f860c8aba1e 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/enumEntryUse.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/enumEntryUse.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ FILE: enumEntryUse.kt
     }
     public final fun useEnum(some: R|TestEnum|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
-    public final fun useVararg(vararg some: R|kotlin/Array<TestEnum>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun useVararg(vararg some: R|kotlin/Array<out TestEnum>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
     public final fun test(): R|kotlin/Unit| {
         R|/use|(Q|TestEnum|.R|/TestEnum.FIRST|)
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/vararg.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/vararg.txt
index 037d1a3392c..c88fea6c1e5 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/vararg.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/expresssions/vararg.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 FILE: vararg.kt
-    public final fun foo(vararg x: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun foo(vararg x: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
     public final fun foo(): R|kotlin/Unit| {
     }
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/spreadOperator.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/spreadOperator.txt
index 499c4159c85..196fc39dbae 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/spreadOperator.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/spreadOperator.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 FILE: Main.kt
-    public final fun <T> myListOf(vararg elements: R|kotlin/Array<T>|): R|kotlin/collections/List<T>| {
+    public final fun <T> myListOf(vararg elements: R|kotlin/Array<out T>|): R|kotlin/collections/List<T>| {
         ^myListOf Null(null)!!
     }
     public final fun <T> myListOf(element: R|T|): R|kotlin/collections/List<T>| {
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/varargInPrimaryConstructor.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/varargInPrimaryConstructor.txt
index cff64c7dd54..eb2b64e4d48 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/varargInPrimaryConstructor.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/varargInPrimaryConstructor.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 FILE: varargInPrimaryConstructor.kt
     public final class Foo : R|kotlin/Any| {
-        public constructor(vararg strings: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|): R|Foo| {
+        public constructor(vararg strings: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|): R|Foo| {
             super<R|kotlin/Any|>()
         }
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ FILE: varargInPrimaryConstructor.kt
         }
 
     }
-    public final fun test_2(vararg strings: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
+    public final fun test_2(vararg strings: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Unit| {
         lval <iterator>: R|kotlin/collections/Iterator<kotlin/String>| = R|<local>/strings|.R|FakeOverride<kotlin/Array.iterator: R|kotlin/collections/Iterator<kotlin/String>|>|()
         while(R|<local>/<iterator>|.R|kotlin/collections/Iterator.hasNext|()) {
             lval s: R|kotlin/String| = R|<local>/<iterator>|.R|FakeOverride<kotlin/collections/Iterator.next: R|kotlin/String|>|()
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolveWithStdlib/arrayInLocal.txt b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolveWithStdlib/arrayInLocal.txt
index 6f4272458de..3fb677832c7 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolveWithStdlib/arrayInLocal.txt
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolveWithStdlib/arrayInLocal.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 FILE: arrayInLocal.kt
     public final fun foo(): R|kotlin/Unit| {
-        local final fun convert(vararg paths: R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>| {
+        local final fun convert(vararg paths: R|kotlin/Array<out kotlin/String>|): R|kotlin/Array<kotlin/String>| {
             ^convert R|<local>/paths|.R|kotlin/collections/toList|<R|kotlin/String|>().R|kotlin/collections/toTypedArray|<R|kotlin/String|>()
         }
 
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java b/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
index 071cbfc2265..d0fb0c37a22 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
@@ -449,6 +449,11 @@ public class FirDiagnosticsTestGenerated extends AbstractFirDiagnosticsTest {
         public void testVararg() throws Exception {
             runTest("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.kt");
         }
+
+        @TestMetadata("varargProjection.kt")
+        public void testVarargProjection() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.kt");
+        }
     }
 
     @TestMetadata("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/builtins")
diff --git a/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java b/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
index 334f742249f..bce8204a368 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
+++ b/compiler/fir/resolve/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/fir/FirDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
@@ -449,6 +449,11 @@ public class FirDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated extends AbstractFirDiagnos
         public void testVararg() throws Exception {
             runTest("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/vararg.kt");
         }
+
+        @TestMetadata("varargProjection.kt")
+        public void testVarargProjection() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/arguments/varargProjection.kt");
+        }
     }
 
     @TestMetadata("compiler/fir/resolve/testData/resolve/builtins")
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/callableReference/resolve/callableReferenceToVarargWithOverload.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/callableReference/resolve/callableReferenceToVarargWithOverload.fir.kt
index 0047654e4b4..eacdd3e44de 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/callableReference/resolve/callableReferenceToVarargWithOverload.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/callableReference/resolve/callableReferenceToVarargWithOverload.fir.kt
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ fun Foo.bar(vararg x: Int) = ""
 
 
 fun actualTest() {
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>test<!>(<!UNRESOLVED_REFERENCE!>Foo::bar<!>)
+    test(Foo::bar)
 }
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/generics/projectionsScope/varargs.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/generics/projectionsScope/varargs.fir.kt
index bb2deafe59f..0d6b3130aad 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/generics/projectionsScope/varargs.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/generics/projectionsScope/varargs.fir.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class A<T> {
 
 fun test(a: A<out CharSequence>, y: Array<out CharSequence>) {
     a.foo("", "", "")
-    a.<!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>foo<!>(*y)
+    a.foo(*y)
     // TODO: TYPE_MISMATCH_DUE_TO_TYPE_PROJECTIONS probably redundant
-    a.<!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>foo<!>(*y, "")
+    a.foo(*y, "")
 }
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/kt2163.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/kt2163.fir.kt
index 79ea4dc8fb7..de27add96ab 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/kt2163.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/kt2163.fir.kt
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 fun printAll(vararg a : Any) {}
 
 fun main(args: Array<String>) {
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>printAll<!>(*args) // Shouldn't be an error
+    printAll(*args) // Shouldn't be an error
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargViewedAsArray.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargViewedAsArray.fir.kt
index 56f505de853..ff170fe1c5a 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargViewedAsArray.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargViewedAsArray.fir.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fun useTwoStringArrays(fn: (Array<String>, Array<String>) -> Unit) = fn(arrayOf(
 fun test() {
     <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>useStrings<!>(::stringVararg)
     useStringArray(::stringVararg)
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>useIntArray<!>(::numberVararg)
+    useIntArray(::numberVararg)
     usePrimitiveIntArray(::intVararg)
     <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>useIntArray<!>(::intVararg)
     <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>useMixedStringArgs1<!>(::stringVararg)
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargsAndOut2.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargsAndOut2.fir.kt
index ed2a429bbf9..95fc2e692d3 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargsAndOut2.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/varargs/varargsAndOut2.fir.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ fun bar(vararg a: String) {}
 
 fun test2(a: Array<String>, b: Array<out String>) {
     bar(*a)
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>bar<!>(*b)
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>bar<!>("", *a, *b, "")
+    bar(*b)
+    bar("", *a, *b, "")
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/testsWithStdLib/varargs/kt5534.fir.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/testsWithStdLib/varargs/kt5534.fir.kt
index f98f23dd0ac..dbd93e1b8b5 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/testsWithStdLib/varargs/kt5534.fir.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/testsWithStdLib/varargs/kt5534.fir.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 fun test() {
     val p: Array<String> = arrayOf("a")
-    <!INAPPLICABLE_CANDIDATE!>foo<!>(*p)
+    foo(*p)
 }
 
 fun foo(vararg a: String?) = a
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/annotationsWithVarargParameters.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/annotationsWithVarargParameters.fir.txt
index 0d8243df228..62a7f726b58 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/annotationsWithVarargParameters.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/annotationsWithVarargParameters.fir.txt
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/annotationsWithVarargParameters.kt
   CLASS ANNOTATION_CLASS name:A modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Annotation]
     $this: VALUE_PARAMETER INSTANCE_RECEIVER name:<this> type:<root>.A
-    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A [primary]
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A [primary]
+      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
       FIELD PROPERTY_BACKING_FIELD name:xs type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> visibility:private [final]
         EXPRESSION_BODY
-          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
+          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
       FUN DEFAULT_PROPERTY_ACCESSOR name:<get-xs> visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($this:<root>.A) returnType:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>
         correspondingProperty: PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
         $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.A
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/spreadOperatorInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/spreadOperatorInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
index 27aa937cae3..912d147b3c9 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/spreadOperatorInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/spreadOperatorInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/spreadOperatorInAnnotationArguments.kt
   CLASS ANNOTATION_CLASS name:A modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Annotation]
     $this: VALUE_PARAMETER INSTANCE_RECEIVER name:<this> type:<root>.A
-    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A [primary]
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A [primary]
+      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
       FIELD PROPERTY_BACKING_FIELD name:xs type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> visibility:private [final]
         EXPRESSION_BODY
-          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
+          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
       FUN DEFAULT_PROPERTY_ACCESSOR name:<get-xs> visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($this:<root>.A) returnType:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>
         correspondingProperty: PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
         $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.A
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/varargsInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/varargsInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
index 5968ba82c93..9a6a121a8c8 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/varargsInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/annotations/varargsInAnnotationArguments.fir.txt
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/varargsInAnnotationArguments.kt
       $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
   CLASS ANNOTATION_CLASS name:A2 modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Annotation]
     $this: VALUE_PARAMETER INSTANCE_RECEIVER name:<this> type:<root>.A2
-    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A2 [primary]
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>) returnType:<root>.A2 [primary]
+      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
       FIELD PROPERTY_BACKING_FIELD name:xs type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> visibility:private [final]
         EXPRESSION_BODY
-          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A2.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
+          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> [vararg] declared in <root>.A2.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
       FUN DEFAULT_PROPERTY_ACCESSOR name:<get-xs> visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($this:<root>.A2) returnType:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>
         correspondingProperty: PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
         $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.A2
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/varargsInAnnotationArguments.kt
       $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
   CLASS ANNOTATION_CLASS name:AA modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Annotation]
     $this: VALUE_PARAMETER INSTANCE_RECEIVER name:<this> type:<root>.AA
-    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<<root>.A1>) returnType:<root>.AA [primary]
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<<root>.A1> varargElementType:<root>.A1 [vararg]
+    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> (xs:kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1>) returnType:<root>.AA [primary]
+      VALUE_PARAMETER name:xs index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1> varargElementType:<root>.A1 [vararg]
     PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
       FIELD PROPERTY_BACKING_FIELD name:xs type:kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1> visibility:private [final]
         EXPRESSION_BODY
-          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<<root>.A1> [vararg] declared in <root>.AA.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<<root>.A1> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
+          GET_VAR 'xs: kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1> [vararg] declared in <root>.AA.<init>' type=kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1> origin=INITIALIZE_PROPERTY_FROM_PARAMETER
       FUN DEFAULT_PROPERTY_ACCESSOR name:<get-xs> visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($this:<root>.AA) returnType:kotlin.Array<out <root>.A1>
         correspondingProperty: PROPERTY name:xs visibility:public modality:FINAL [val]
         $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.AA
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.fir.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 289eadc6dd9..00000000000
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.fir.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/fun.kt
-  FUN name:test1 visibility:public modality:FINAL <T> (i:kotlin.Int, j:T of <root>.test1) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    TYPE_PARAMETER name:T index:0 variance: superTypes:[kotlin.Any?]
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:T of <root>.test1
-    BLOCK_BODY
-  FUN name:test2 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (i:kotlin.Int, j:kotlin.String) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-      EXPRESSION_BODY
-        CONST Int type=kotlin.Int value=0
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:kotlin.String
-      EXPRESSION_BODY
-        CONST String type=kotlin.String value=""
-    BLOCK_BODY
-  FUN name:test3 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (args:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:args index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
-    BLOCK_BODY
-  FUN name:textExt1 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($receiver:kotlin.String, i:kotlin.Int, j:kotlin.String) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    $receiver: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.String
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:kotlin.String
-    BLOCK_BODY
-  CLASS CLASS name:Host modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]
-    $this: VALUE_PARAMETER INSTANCE_RECEIVER name:<this> type:<root>.Host
-    CONSTRUCTOR visibility:public <> () returnType:<root>.Host [primary]
-      BLOCK_BODY
-        DELEGATING_CONSTRUCTOR_CALL 'public constructor <init> () [primary] declared in kotlin.Any'
-        INSTANCE_INITIALIZER_CALL classDescriptor='CLASS CLASS name:Host modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]'
-    FUN name:testMembetExt1 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> ($this:<root>.Host, $receiver:kotlin.String, i:kotlin.Int, j:kotlin.String) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-      $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.Host
-      $receiver: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.String
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:kotlin.String
-      BLOCK_BODY
-    FUN name:testMembetExt2 visibility:public modality:FINAL <T> ($this:<root>.Host, $receiver:kotlin.String, i:kotlin.Int, j:T of <root>.Host.testMembetExt2) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-      TYPE_PARAMETER name:T index:0 variance: superTypes:[kotlin.Any?]
-      $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:<root>.Host
-      $receiver: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.String
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:T of <root>.Host.testMembetExt2
-      BLOCK_BODY
-    FUN FAKE_OVERRIDE name:equals visibility:public modality:OPEN <> ($this:kotlin.Any, other:kotlin.Any?) returnType:kotlin.Boolean [fake_override,operator]
-      overridden:
-        public open fun equals (other: kotlin.Any?): kotlin.Boolean [operator] declared in kotlin.Any
-      $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
-      VALUE_PARAMETER name:other index:0 type:kotlin.Any?
-    FUN FAKE_OVERRIDE name:hashCode visibility:public modality:OPEN <> ($this:kotlin.Any) returnType:kotlin.Int [fake_override]
-      overridden:
-        public open fun hashCode (): kotlin.Int declared in kotlin.Any
-      $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
-    FUN FAKE_OVERRIDE name:toString visibility:public modality:OPEN <> ($this:kotlin.Any) returnType:kotlin.String [fake_override]
-      overridden:
-        public open fun toString (): kotlin.String declared in kotlin.Any
-      $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.kt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.kt
index db33117f471..a1ff0b45393 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/fun.kt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// FIR_IDENTICAL
 fun <T> test1(i: Int, j: T) {}
 
 fun test2(i: Int = 0, j: String = "") {}
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.fir.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index ea719090719..00000000000
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.fir.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/localFun.kt
-  FUN name:outer visibility:public modality:FINAL <TT> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    TYPE_PARAMETER name:TT index:0 variance: superTypes:[kotlin.Any?]
-    BLOCK_BODY
-      FUN name:test1 visibility:local modality:FINAL <T> (i:kotlin.Int, j:T of <root>.outer.test1) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-        TYPE_PARAMETER name:T index:0 variance: superTypes:[kotlin.Any?]
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:T of <root>.outer.test1
-        BLOCK_BODY
-      FUN name:test2 visibility:local modality:FINAL <> (i:kotlin.Int, j:kotlin.String) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-          EXPRESSION_BODY
-            CONST Int type=kotlin.Int value=0
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:kotlin.String
-          EXPRESSION_BODY
-            CONST String type=kotlin.String value=""
-        BLOCK_BODY
-      FUN name:test3 visibility:local modality:FINAL <> (args:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:args index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
-        BLOCK_BODY
-      FUN name:textExt1 visibility:local modality:FINAL <> ($receiver:kotlin.String, i:kotlin.Int, j:TT of <root>.outer) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-        $receiver: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.String
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:i index:0 type:kotlin.Int
-        VALUE_PARAMETER name:j index:1 type:TT of <root>.outer
-        BLOCK_BODY
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.kt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.kt
index ede202e4db9..5b5bb305ebb 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/declarations/parameters/localFun.kt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// FIR_IDENTICAL
 fun <TT> outer() {
     fun <T> test1(i: Int, j: T) {}
 
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/callableReferences/withVarargViewedAsArray.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/callableReferences/withVarargViewedAsArray.fir.txt
index 2d1bc68075f..d3804cf0e25 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/callableReferences/withVarargViewedAsArray.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/callableReferences/withVarargViewedAsArray.fir.txt
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/withVarargViewedAsArray.kt
                 other: GET_VAR 'val arg: kotlin.Int [val] declared in <root>.sum' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
       RETURN type=kotlin.Nothing from='public final fun sum (vararg args: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Int declared in <root>'
         GET_VAR 'var result: kotlin.Int [var] declared in <root>.sum' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
-  FUN name:nsum visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (args:kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number>) returnType:kotlin.Int
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:args index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number> varargElementType:kotlin.Number [vararg]
+  FUN name:nsum visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (args:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number>) returnType:kotlin.Int
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:args index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number> varargElementType:kotlin.Number [vararg]
     BLOCK_BODY
       RETURN type=kotlin.Nothing from='public final fun nsum (vararg args: kotlin.Number): kotlin.Int declared in <root>'
         CALL 'public final fun sum (vararg args: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Int declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/withVarargViewedAsArray.kt
             SPREAD_ELEMENT
               CONSTRUCTOR_CALL 'public constructor <init> (size: kotlin.Int, init: kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Int, kotlin.Int>) declared in kotlin.IntArray' type=kotlin.IntArray origin=null
                 size: CALL 'public final fun <get-size> (): kotlin.Int declared in kotlin.Array' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
-                  $this: GET_VAR 'args: kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number> [vararg] declared in <root>.nsum' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number> origin=null
+                  $this: GET_VAR 'args: kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number> [vararg] declared in <root>.nsum' type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number> origin=null
                 init: FUN_EXPR type=kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Int, kotlin.Int> origin=LAMBDA
                   FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> (it:kotlin.Int) returnType:kotlin.Int
                     VALUE_PARAMETER name:it index:0 type:kotlin.Int
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/withVarargViewedAsArray.kt
                       RETURN type=kotlin.Nothing from='local final fun <anonymous> (it: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Int declared in <root>.nsum'
                         CALL 'public abstract fun toInt (): kotlin.Int declared in kotlin.Number' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
                           $this: CALL 'public final fun get (index: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Number [operator] declared in kotlin.Array' type=kotlin.Number origin=null
-                            $this: GET_VAR 'args: kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number> [vararg] declared in <root>.nsum' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number> origin=null
+                            $this: GET_VAR 'args: kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number> [vararg] declared in <root>.nsum' type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number> origin=null
                             index: GET_VAR 'it: kotlin.Int declared in <root>.nsum.<anonymous>' type=kotlin.Int origin=null
-  FUN name:zap visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (b:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>, k:kotlin.Int) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:b index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+  FUN name:zap visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (b:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>, k:kotlin.Int) returnType:kotlin.Unit
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:b index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:k index:1 type:kotlin.Int
       EXPRESSION_BODY
         CONST Int type=kotlin.Int value=42
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/withVarargViewedAsArray.kt
         fn: FUNCTION_REFERENCE 'public final fun sum (vararg args: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Int declared in <root>' type=kotlin.reflect.KFunction1<kotlin.IntArray, kotlin.Int> origin=null reflectionTarget=<same>
   FUN name:testArrayAsVararg visibility:public modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
     BLOCK_BODY
-      ERROR_CALL 'Unresolved reference: <Inapplicable(INAPPLICABLE): [/useArray]>#' type=IrErrorType
-        FUNCTION_REFERENCE 'public final fun nsum (vararg args: kotlin.Number): kotlin.Int declared in <root>' type=kotlin.reflect.KFunction1<kotlin.Array<kotlin.Number>, kotlin.Int> origin=null reflectionTarget=<same>
+      CALL 'public final fun useArray (fn: kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Array<kotlin.Int>, kotlin.Int>): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
+        fn: FUNCTION_REFERENCE 'public final fun nsum (vararg args: kotlin.Number): kotlin.Int declared in <root>' type=kotlin.reflect.KFunction1<kotlin.Array<out kotlin.Number>, kotlin.Int> origin=null reflectionTarget=<same>
   FUN name:testArrayAndDefaults visibility:public modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
     BLOCK_BODY
       CALL 'public final fun useStringArray (fn: kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>, kotlin.Unit>): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
-        fn: FUNCTION_REFERENCE 'public final fun zap (vararg b: kotlin.String, k: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.reflect.KFunction1<kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>, kotlin.Unit> origin=null reflectionTarget=<same>
+        fn: FUNCTION_REFERENCE 'public final fun zap (vararg b: kotlin.String, k: kotlin.Int): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.reflect.KFunction1<kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>, kotlin.Unit> origin=null reflectionTarget=<same>
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.fir.txt
index 3f5f8220672..b9c915aaea2 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.fir.txt
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
       overridden:
         public open fun toString (): kotlin.String declared in kotlin.Any
       $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
-  FUN name:foo1 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (r:<root>.IRunnable, s:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
+  FUN name:foo1 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (r:<root>.IRunnable, s:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:r index:0 type:<root>.IRunnable
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:s index:1 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:s index:1 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     BLOCK_BODY
-  FUN name:foo2 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (r1:<root>.IRunnable, r2:<root>.IRunnable, s:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
+  FUN name:foo2 visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (r1:<root>.IRunnable, r2:<root>.IRunnable, s:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:r1 index:0 type:<root>.IRunnable
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:r2 index:1 type:<root>.IRunnable
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:s index:2 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:s index:2 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType:kotlin.String [vararg]
     BLOCK_BODY
   FUN name:test visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (fn:kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit>, r:<root>.IRunnable, s:kotlin.String, arr:kotlin.Array<kotlin.String>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:fn index:0 type:kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit>
@@ -36,32 +36,32 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo1 (r: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r: FUN_EXPR type=kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> origin=LAMBDA
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo1 (r: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r: GET_VAR 'fn: kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> origin=null
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo1 (r: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r: GET_VAR 'fn: kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> origin=null
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo1 (r: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r: GET_VAR 'r: <root>.IRunnable declared in <root>.test' type=<root>.IRunnable origin=null
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo1 (r: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r: GET_VAR 'r: <root>.IRunnable declared in <root>.test' type=<root>.IRunnable origin=null
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r1: FUN_EXPR type=kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> origin=LAMBDA
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r1: GET_VAR 'fn: kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Function0<kotlin.Unit> origin=null
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           GET_VAR 's: kotlin.String declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.String origin=null
       CALL 'public final fun foo2 (r1: <root>.IRunnable, r2: <root>.IRunnable, vararg s: kotlin.String): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
         r1: GET_VAR 'r: <root>.IRunnable declared in <root>.test' type=<root>.IRunnable origin=null
@@ -118,6 +118,6 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/arrayAsVarargAfterSamArgument_fi.kt
           FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
             BLOCK_BODY
               GET_OBJECT 'CLASS IR_EXTERNAL_DECLARATION_STUB OBJECT name:Unit modality:FINAL visibility:public superTypes:[kotlin.Any]' type=kotlin.Unit
-        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
+        s: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out kotlin.String> varargElementType=kotlin.String
           SPREAD_ELEMENT
             GET_VAR 'arr: kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> declared in <root>.test' type=kotlin.Array<kotlin.String> origin=null
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/samConversionInVarargs.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/samConversionInVarargs.fir.txt
index 9c98efc9e6f..3be9a09fc99 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/samConversionInVarargs.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/funInterface/samConversionInVarargs.fir.txt
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/samConversionInVarargs.kt
       overridden:
         public open fun toString (): kotlin.String declared in kotlin.Any
       $this: VALUE_PARAMETER name:<this> type:kotlin.Any
-  FUN name:useVararg visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (foos:kotlin.Array<<root>.IFoo>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:foos index:0 type:kotlin.Array<<root>.IFoo> varargElementType:<root>.IFoo [vararg]
+  FUN name:useVararg visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (foos:kotlin.Array<out <root>.IFoo>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:foos index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out <root>.IFoo> varargElementType:<root>.IFoo [vararg]
     BLOCK_BODY
   FUN name:testLambda visibility:public modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
     BLOCK_BODY
       CALL 'public final fun useVararg (vararg foos: <root>.IFoo): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
-        foos: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<<root>.IFoo> varargElementType=<root>.IFoo
+        foos: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out <root>.IFoo> varargElementType=<root>.IFoo
           FUN_EXPR type=kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Int, kotlin.Unit> origin=LAMBDA
             FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> (it:kotlin.Int) returnType:kotlin.Unit
               VALUE_PARAMETER name:it index:0 type:kotlin.Int
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/samConversionInVarargs.kt
   FUN name:testSeveralLambdas visibility:public modality:FINAL <> () returnType:kotlin.Unit
     BLOCK_BODY
       CALL 'public final fun useVararg (vararg foos: <root>.IFoo): kotlin.Unit declared in <root>' type=kotlin.Unit origin=null
-        foos: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<<root>.IFoo> varargElementType=<root>.IFoo
+        foos: VARARG type=kotlin.Array<out <root>.IFoo> varargElementType=<root>.IFoo
           FUN_EXPR type=kotlin.Function1<kotlin.Int, kotlin.Unit> origin=LAMBDA
             FUN LOCAL_FUNCTION_FOR_LAMBDA name:<anonymous> visibility:local modality:FINAL <> (it:kotlin.Int) returnType:kotlin.Unit
               VALUE_PARAMETER name:it index:0 type:kotlin.Int
diff --git a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/signedToUnsignedConversions_test.fir.txt b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/signedToUnsignedConversions_test.fir.txt
index 45fb43372de..059926fcdcc 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/signedToUnsignedConversions_test.fir.txt
+++ b/compiler/testData/ir/irText/expressions/signedToUnsignedConversions_test.fir.txt
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ FILE fqName:<root> fileName:/signedToUnsignedConversions_test.kt
   FUN name:takeULong visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (u:kotlin.ULong) returnType:kotlin.Unit
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:u index:0 type:kotlin.ULong
     BLOCK_BODY
-  FUN name:takeUBytes visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (u:kotlin.Array<kotlin.UByte>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
-    VALUE_PARAMETER name:u index:0 type:kotlin.Array<kotlin.UByte> varargElementType:kotlin.UByte [vararg]
+  FUN name:takeUBytes visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (u:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.UByte>) returnType:kotlin.Unit
+    VALUE_PARAMETER name:u index:0 type:kotlin.Array<out kotlin.UByte> varargElementType:kotlin.UByte [vararg]
     BLOCK_BODY
   FUN name:takeLong visibility:public modality:FINAL <> (l:kotlin.Long) returnType:kotlin.Unit
     VALUE_PARAMETER name:l index:0 type:kotlin.Long