Smart casts for local variables not captured in a closure and not changed in a loop, see #KT-3175.

isLocalVariable added. Assignment / initialization analysis.
Control whether a variable is changed in a loop at the beginning and at the end of the loop.
Control whether a variable is captured in a closure. #KT-3175  Fixed. #KT-2266  Fixed.
Tests for variable null safety and for variables is/as operations.
Loop / closure / variable property tests are included.
Old tests changed in accordance with KT-3175. In particular, all three of testSmartcastImpossible were fixed.

compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/smartCasts/variables/whileWithBreak.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+fun String.next(): String {
+    return "abc"
+}
+
+fun list(start: String) {
+    var e: Any? = start
+    if (e==null) return
+    while (e is String) {
+        // Smart cast due to the loop condition
+        if (<!DEBUG_INFO_SMARTCAST!>e<!>.length() == 0)
+            break
+        // We still have smart cast here despite of a break
+        e = <!DEBUG_INFO_SMARTCAST!>e<!>.next()
+    }
+    // e can never be null but we do not know it
+    e<!UNSAFE_CALL!>.<!>hashCode()
+}