Smart casts for local variables not captured in a closure and not changed in a loop, see #KT-3175.

isLocalVariable added. Assignment / initialization analysis.
Control whether a variable is changed in a loop at the beginning and at the end of the loop.
Control whether a variable is captured in a closure. #KT-3175  Fixed. #KT-2266  Fixed.
Tests for variable null safety and for variables is/as operations.
Loop / closure / variable property tests are included.
Old tests changed in accordance with KT-3175. In particular, all three of testSmartcastImpossible were fixed.

compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/smartCasts/variables/ifElseBlockInsideDoWhile.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+public fun foo(xx: Any): Int {
+    var x = xx
+    do {
+        var y: Any
+        // After the check, smart cast should work
+        if (x is String) {
+            y = "xyz"
+        } else {
+            y = "abc"
+        }
+        // y!! in both branches
+        <!DEBUG_INFO_SMARTCAST!>y<!>.length()
+    } while (!(x is String))
+    return <!DEBUG_INFO_SMARTCAST!>x<!>.length()
+}