[K/N] Catch exceptions in CAdapters when caches enabled (KT-47828 fixed)

kotlin-native/runtime/src/main/cpp/Exceptions.cpp

@@ -45,6 +45,16 @@ void ThrowException(KRef exception) {
 #endif
 }
 
+void HandleCurrentExceptionForCInterop() {
+  try {
+      std::rethrow_exception(std::current_exception());
+  } catch (ExceptionObjHolder& e) {
+      std::terminate();  // Terminate when it's a kotlin exception.
+  } catch (...) {
+      throw;  // Just rethrow if it's unknown.
+  }
+}
+
 namespace {
 
 class {

kotlin-native/runtime/src/main/cpp/Exceptions.h

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ void ThrowException(KRef exception);
 
 void SetKonanTerminateHandler();
 
+void HandleCurrentExceptionForCInterop();
+
 RUNTIME_NOTHROW OBJ_GETTER(Kotlin_getExceptionObject, void* holder);
 
 // The functions below are implemented in Kotlin (at package kotlin.native.internal).