[IR] Prevent infinite recursion when rendering bound symbol references

Refactor the renderer, make BoundSymbolReferenceRenderer a static class
to prevent calling RenderIrElementVisitor's methods from it to avoid
infinite recursion in the future.

^KT-52677 Fixed

native/native.tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/konan/blackboxtest/NativeCodegenBoxTestGenerated.java

@@ -23746,6 +23746,12 @@ public class NativeCodegenBoxTestGenerated extends AbstractNativeCodegenBoxTest
                 runTest("compiler/testData/codegen/box/ir/kt41765.kt");
             }
 
+            @Test
+            @TestMetadata("kt52677.kt")
+            public void testKt52677() throws Exception {
+                runTest("compiler/testData/codegen/box/ir/kt52677.kt");
+            }
+
             @Test
             @TestMetadata("lambdaWithLoop.kt")
             public void testLambdaWithLoop() throws Exception {