[IR] Prevent infinite recursion when rendering bound symbol references

Refactor the renderer, make BoundSymbolReferenceRenderer a static class
to prevent calling RenderIrElementVisitor's methods from it to avoid
infinite recursion in the future.

^KT-52677 Fixed

compiler/testData/codegen/box/ir/kt52677.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// ISSUE: KT-52677
+
+// MODULE: lib
+// FILE: lib.kt
+
+@Target(AnnotationTarget.TYPE)
+annotation class MySerializable(val c: kotlin.reflect.KClass<*>)
+
+public data class LoginSuccessPacket(val id: Uuid)
+
+public typealias Uuid = @MySerializable(UuidSerializer::class) Uuid1
+
+interface MySerializer<T>
+public object UuidSerializer : MySerializer<Uuid>
+public class Uuid1 {
+    fun ok() = "OK"
+}
+
+// MODULE: main(lib)
+// FILE: main.kt
+
+fun foo(): Uuid { throw RuntimeException() }
+
+fun bar() = foo()
+
+fun box() = LoginSuccessPacket(Uuid()).id.ok()