[LL FIR] improve contract violation checks

Add check into LLFirModuleLazyDeclarationResolver to die fast
and avoid StackOverflowError for jumping phases

^KT-56551
^KT-57802
^KT-57811

compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/modifiers/const/kotlinJavaCycle.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// IGNORE_REVERSED_RESOLVE
+// IGNORE_CONTRACT_VIOLATIONS
+// FIR_IDENTICAL
+// FILE: Bar.java
+
+public class Bar {
+    public static final int BAR = Foo.FOO + 1;
+}
+
+// FILE: Test.kt
+
+class Foo {
+    companion object {
+        const val FOO = Baz.BAZ + 1
+    }
+}
+
+class Baz {
+    companion object {
+        const val BAZ = Bar.BAR + 1
+    }
+}