diff --git a/analysis/low-level-api-fir/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/low/level/api/fir/diagnostic/compiler/based/DiagnosisCompilerTestFE10TestdataTestGenerated.java b/analysis/low-level-api-fir/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/low/level/api/fir/diagnostic/compiler/based/DiagnosisCompilerTestFE10TestdataTestGenerated.java
index fe14cd537da..e78606b86df 100644
--- a/analysis/low-level-api-fir/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/low/level/api/fir/diagnostic/compiler/based/DiagnosisCompilerTestFE10TestdataTestGenerated.java
+++ b/analysis/low-level-api-fir/tests/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/low/level/api/fir/diagnostic/compiler/based/DiagnosisCompilerTestFE10TestdataTestGenerated.java
@@ -807,6 +807,12 @@ public class DiagnosisCompilerTestFE10TestdataTestGenerated extends AbstractDiag
             runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt");
         }
 
+        @Test
+        @TestMetadata("syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt")
+        public void testSyntheticSetFalsePositive() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt");
+        }
+
         @Test
         @TestMetadata("tailRecBasic.kt")
         public void testTailRecBasic() throws Exception {
diff --git a/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java b/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
index cff60a89c8e..0e9a85f9bae 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
+++ b/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsTestGenerated.java
@@ -807,6 +807,12 @@ public class FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsTestGenerated extends AbstractFirDiagnosti
             runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt");
         }
 
+        @Test
+        @TestMetadata("syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt")
+        public void testSyntheticSetFalsePositive() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt");
+        }
+
         @Test
         @TestMetadata("tailRecBasic.kt")
         public void testTailRecBasic() throws Exception {
diff --git a/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java b/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
index 32d59052859..bf2daafe5a7 100644
--- a/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
+++ b/compiler/fir/analysis-tests/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated.java
@@ -807,6 +807,12 @@ public class FirOldFrontendDiagnosticsWithLightTreeTestGenerated extends Abstrac
             runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt");
         }
 
+        @Test
+        @TestMetadata("syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt")
+        public void testSyntheticSetFalsePositive() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt");
+        }
+
         @Test
         @TestMetadata("tailRecBasic.kt")
         public void testTailRecBasic() throws Exception {
diff --git a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/checkers/JvmSyntheticAssignmentChecker.kt b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/checkers/JvmSyntheticAssignmentChecker.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3db3d68b218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/checkers/JvmSyntheticAssignmentChecker.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2022 JetBrains s.r.o. and Kotlin Programming Language contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.jvm.checkers
+
+import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.descriptors.TypeParameterDescriptor
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtBinaryExpression
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.KtNameReferenceExpression
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.psi.psiUtil.getParentOfType
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.calls.checkers.CallChecker
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.calls.checkers.CallCheckerContext
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.calls.model.ResolvedCall
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.calls.tower.isSynthesized
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.resolve.jvm.diagnostics.ErrorsJvm
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.synthetic.SyntheticJavaPropertyDescriptor
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.IndexedParametersSubstitution
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.TypeProjection
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.TypeSubstitutor
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.Variance
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.expressions.BasicExpressionTypingVisitor
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.types.typeUtil.isNothing
+
+object JvmSyntheticAssignmentChecker : CallChecker {
+    override fun check(resolvedCall: ResolvedCall<*>, reportOn: PsiElement, context: CallCheckerContext) {
+        val resultingDescriptor = resolvedCall.resultingDescriptor
+        if (!resultingDescriptor.isSynthesized) return
+        if (resultingDescriptor !is SyntheticJavaPropertyDescriptor) return
+        if (reportOn !is KtNameReferenceExpression) return
+        val binaryExpression = reportOn.getParentOfType<KtBinaryExpression>(strict = true) ?: return
+        if (!BasicExpressionTypingVisitor.isLValue(reportOn, binaryExpression)) return
+        val receiverType = resolvedCall.extensionReceiver?.type ?: return
+        val unsubstitutedReceiverType = resolvedCall.candidateDescriptor.extensionReceiverParameter?.type ?: return
+        if (receiverType.constructor !== unsubstitutedReceiverType.constructor) return
+        val propertyType = resolvedCall.candidateDescriptor.returnType ?: return
+
+        val substitutionParameters = mutableListOf<TypeParameterDescriptor>()
+        val substitutionArguments = mutableListOf<TypeProjection>()
+        for ((unsubstitutedArgument, substitutedArgument) in unsubstitutedReceiverType.arguments.zip(receiverType.arguments)) {
+            val typeParameter = unsubstitutedArgument.type.constructor.declarationDescriptor as? TypeParameterDescriptor ?: continue
+            substitutionParameters += typeParameter
+            substitutionArguments += substitutedArgument
+        }
+        val substitutor = TypeSubstitutor.create(
+            IndexedParametersSubstitution(
+                substitutionParameters.toTypedArray(), substitutionArguments.toTypedArray(), approximateContravariantCapturedTypes = true
+            )
+        )
+        val substitutedPropertyType = substitutor.substitute(propertyType.unwrap(), Variance.IN_VARIANCE)
+        if (substitutedPropertyType == null || !substitutedPropertyType.isNothing()) return
+        context.trace.report(ErrorsJvm.SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT.on(binaryExpression.left ?: reportOn, resultingDescriptor))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/DefaultErrorMessagesJvm.java b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/DefaultErrorMessagesJvm.java
index 314ec7f724d..8d63430c8fb 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/DefaultErrorMessagesJvm.java
+++ b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/DefaultErrorMessagesJvm.java
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ public class DefaultErrorMessagesJvm implements DefaultErrorMessages.Extension {
         MAP.put(INAPPLICABLE_JVM_FIELD_WARNING, "{0}. This warning will become an error in further releases", STRING);
 
         MAP.put(JVM_SYNTHETIC_ON_DELEGATE, "'@JvmSynthetic' annotation cannot be used on delegated properties");
+        MAP.put(SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT, "Use of setter for ''{0}'' is unsafe due to the type projection in receiver." +
+                                                " Workaround: use explicit cast on receiver. See https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-54309", NAME);
 
         MAP.put(STRICTFP_ON_CLASS, "'@Strictfp' annotation on classes is unsupported yet");
 
diff --git a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/ErrorsJvm.java b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/ErrorsJvm.java
index edd7eff6845..7d3e4893765 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/ErrorsJvm.java
+++ b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/diagnostics/ErrorsJvm.java
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ public interface ErrorsJvm {
 
     DiagnosticFactory0<KtAnnotationEntry> JVM_SYNTHETIC_ON_DELEGATE = DiagnosticFactory0.create(ERROR);
 
+    DiagnosticFactory1<KtExpression, DeclarationDescriptor> SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT = DiagnosticFactory1.create(WARNING);
+
     DiagnosticFactory0<KtAnnotationEntry> STRICTFP_ON_CLASS = DiagnosticFactory0.create(WARNING);
 
     DiagnosticFactory0<KtAnnotationEntry> VOLATILE_ON_VALUE = DiagnosticFactory0.create(ERROR);
diff --git a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/platform/JvmPlatformConfigurator.kt b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/platform/JvmPlatformConfigurator.kt
index da5adefd6ea..3681f6851a8 100644
--- a/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/platform/JvmPlatformConfigurator.kt
+++ b/compiler/frontend.java/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/resolve/jvm/platform/JvmPlatformConfigurator.kt
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ object JvmPlatformConfigurator : PlatformConfiguratorBase(
         SamInterfaceConstructorReferenceCallChecker,
         EnumDeclaringClassDeprecationChecker,
         UpperBoundViolatedInTypealiasConstructorChecker,
+        JvmSyntheticAssignmentChecker,
     ),
 
     additionalTypeCheckers = listOf(
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt
index 3eb07ccd921..e849419708e 100644
--- a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ public class Wrapper<W> {
 
 fun foo(container: Container<*>, wrapper: Wrapper<String>) {
     container.w = <!TYPE_MISMATCH!>wrapper<!>
-    container.wrapper = wrapper
+    <!SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT!>container.wrapper<!> = wrapper
     container.setWrapper(<!TYPE_MISMATCH!>wrapper<!>)
 }
 
@@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ fun dif(container: Container<String>, wrapper: Wrapper<Int>) {
 }
 
 fun out(container: Container<out Any>, wrapper: Wrapper<String>) {
-    container.wrapper = wrapper
+    <!SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT!>container.wrapper<!> = wrapper
     container.setWrapper(<!TYPE_MISMATCH!>wrapper<!>)
 }
 
 fun inn(container: Container<in String>, wrapper: Wrapper<Any>) {
-    container.wrapper = wrapper
+    <!SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT!>container.wrapper<!> = wrapper
     container.setWrapper(<!TYPE_MISMATCH!>wrapper<!>)
 }
 
 fun <T> generic(container: Container<out T>, wrapper: Wrapper<out T>) {
-    container.wrapper = wrapper
+    <!SYNTHETIC_SETTER_PROJECTED_OUT!>container.wrapper<!> = wrapper
     container.setWrapper(<!TYPE_MISMATCH!>wrapper<!>)
 }
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6cc329dbb7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// FIR_IDENTICAL
+// FILE: JavaClass.java
+import java.util.List;
+
+public interface JavaClass<E> {
+    List<? extends E> getFoo();
+    void setFoo(List<? extends E> l);
+}
+
+// FILE: main.kt
+
+fun foo(x: JavaClass<in CharSequence>, l: MutableList<out CharSequence>) {
+    x.setFoo(l) // OK
+    x.foo = l // Should be OK, too
+}
diff --git a/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.txt b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f3e2f3d03d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package
+
+public fun foo(/*0*/ x: JavaClass<in kotlin.CharSequence>, /*1*/ l: kotlin.collections.MutableList<out kotlin.CharSequence>): kotlin.Unit
+
+public interface JavaClass</*0*/ E : kotlin.Any!> {
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun equals(/*0*/ other: kotlin.Any?): kotlin.Boolean
+    public abstract fun getFoo(): (kotlin.collections.MutableList<out E!>..kotlin.collections.List<E!>?)
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun hashCode(): kotlin.Int
+    public abstract fun setFoo(/*0*/ l: (kotlin.collections.MutableList<out E!>..kotlin.collections.List<E!>?)): kotlin.Unit
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun toString(): kotlin.String
+}
diff --git a/compiler/tests-common-new/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/DiagnosticTestGenerated.java b/compiler/tests-common-new/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/DiagnosticTestGenerated.java
index 198708d46f9..1335d7e92f4 100644
--- a/compiler/tests-common-new/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/DiagnosticTestGenerated.java
+++ b/compiler/tests-common-new/tests-gen/org/jetbrains/kotlin/test/runners/DiagnosticTestGenerated.java
@@ -807,6 +807,12 @@ public class DiagnosticTestGenerated extends AbstractDiagnosticTest {
             runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSet.kt");
         }
 
+        @Test
+        @TestMetadata("syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt")
+        public void testSyntheticSetFalsePositive() throws Exception {
+            runTest("compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/syntheticSetFalsePositive.kt");
+        }
+
         @Test
         @TestMetadata("tailRecBasic.kt")
         public void testTailRecBasic() throws Exception {