KT-8879 Stackoverflow exception on completion from inference

#KT-8879 Fixed
Added ConstraintContext storing 'derivedFrom' variables.
This information is used to prevent infinite recursion:
if a variable was substituted in a type of a bound, it shouldn't be substituted there for the second time.

compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/inference/constraints/kt8879.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// !DIAGNOSTICS: -UNUSED_PARAMETER
+
+interface Inv<I>
+interface Inv2<I>
+
+fun <T: Inv2<T>> foo(klass: Inv<T>): String? = null
+
+fun <X> bar(): Inv<X> = null!!
+
+fun test() {
+    <!TYPE_INFERENCE_NO_INFORMATION_FOR_PARAMETER!>foo<!>(<!TYPE_INFERENCE_NO_INFORMATION_FOR_PARAMETER!>bar<!>())
+}

compiler/testData/diagnostics/tests/inference/constraints/kt8879.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package
+
+internal fun </*0*/ X> bar(): Inv<X>
+internal fun </*0*/ T : Inv2<T>> foo(/*0*/ klass: Inv<T>): kotlin.String?
+internal fun test(): kotlin.Unit
+
+internal interface Inv</*0*/ I> {
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun equals(/*0*/ other: kotlin.Any?): kotlin.Boolean
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun hashCode(): kotlin.Int
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun toString(): kotlin.String
+}
+
+internal interface Inv2</*0*/ I> {
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun equals(/*0*/ other: kotlin.Any?): kotlin.Boolean
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun hashCode(): kotlin.Int
+    public open override /*1*/ /*fake_override*/ fun toString(): kotlin.String
+}