KT-8879 Stackoverflow exception on completion from inference

#KT-8879 Fixed
Added ConstraintContext storing 'derivedFrom' variables.
This information is used to prevent infinite recursion:
if a variable was substituted in a type of a bound, it shouldn't be substituted there for the second time.

compiler/testData/constraintSystem/declarations.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ interface C : B
 
 interface Consumer<in T>
 interface Producer<out T>
+interface Inv<T>
 
 interface My<T>
 interface Successor<T> : My<T>