KT-8879 Stackoverflow exception on completion from inference

#KT-8879 Fixed
Added ConstraintContext storing 'derivedFrom' variables.
This information is used to prevent infinite recursion:
if a variable was substituted in a type of a bound, it shouldn't be substituted there for the second time.

compiler/testData/constraintSystem/declarations.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ interface C : B
 
 interface Consumer<in T>
 interface Producer<out T>
+interface Inv<T>
 
 interface My<T>
 interface Successor<T> : My<T>

compiler/testData/constraintSystem/severalVariables/recursive/kt8879.bounds

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+VARIABLES T P
+
+T <: My<T>
+Inv<P> <: Inv<T>
+
+type parameter bounds:
+T <: My<T>*, := P*, <: My<out My<T>>*, <: My<P>*, <: My<out My<P>>*, <: My<out My<out My<T>>>*
+P := T*, <: My<T>*, <: My<out My<T>>*, <: My<P>*, <: My<out My<P>>*, <: My<out My<out My<T>>>*
+
+status:
+-hasCannotCaptureTypesError: false
+-hasConflictingConstraints: false
+-hasContradiction: false
+-hasErrorInConstrainingTypes: false
+-hasParameterConstraintError: false
+-hasTypeInferenceIncorporationError: false
+-hasUnknownParameters: true
+-hasViolatedUpperBound: false
+-isSuccessful: false
+
+result:
+T=???
+P=???

compiler/testData/constraintSystem/severalVariables/recursive/kt8879.constraints

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+VARIABLES T P
+
+T <: My<T>
+Inv<P> <: Inv<T>