[LL FIR] do not update phase if exception occurred

Exception (even PCE) can lead to inconsistent situations, for example,
where a function can be marked as resolved, but arguments – not.
Also, in this case, it is possible that the function will be
marked as resolved to TYPES, but not all its type really resolved

^KTIJ-25582 Fixed

analysis/low-level-api-fir/src/org/jetbrains/kotlin/analysis/low/level/api/fir/file/builder/LLFirLockProvider.kt

@@ -171,10 +171,15 @@ internal class LLFirLockProvider(private val checker: LLFirLazyResolveContractCh
 
                 is FirResolvedToPhaseState -> {
                     if (!tryLock(toPhase, stateSnapshot)) continue
+
+                    var exceptionOccurred = false
                     try {
                         action()
+                    } catch (e: Throwable) {
+                        exceptionOccurred = true
+                        throw e
                     } finally {
-                        val newPhase = if (updatePhase) toPhase else stateSnapshot.resolvePhase
+                        val newPhase = if (updatePhase && !exceptionOccurred) toPhase else stateSnapshot.resolvePhase
                         unlock(toPhase = newPhase)
                     }