New IC: Add constants-in-companion-objects impact computation

When computing impacted symbols of changed symbols, previously we
considered only the supertypes-inheritors type of impact, which is the
most common type. This commit adds the constants-in-companion-objects
type of impact to address KT-53266.

We've also cleaned up impact computation to make it easier to add new
types of impact in the future.

^KT-53266 In progress

compiler/incremental-compilation-impl/testData/org/jetbrains/kotlin/incremental/classpathDiff/ClasspathSnapshotterTest/kotlin/testSimpleClass/expected-snapshot/com/example/SimpleClass.json

@@ -56,6 +56,14 @@
     "protoData$delegate": {
       "initializer": {},
       "_value": {}
+    },
+    "companionObject$delegate": {
+      "initializer": {},
+      "_value": {}
+    },
+    "constantsInCompanionObject$delegate": {
+      "initializer": {},
+      "_value": {}
     }
   },
   "supertypes": [